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The Battles of Rzhev ((ロシア語:Ржевская битва)), also known by veterans and historians as the "Rzhev meat-grinder" or "slaughterhouse" ("Ржевская мясорубка") due to horrific losses suffered by the Red Army, were a series of Soviet operations in World War II between January 8, 1942 and March 31, 1943. The operations took place in the general area of Rzhev, Sychyovka and Vyazma against German forces. The major operations that were executed in this area of the front were: #Rzhev–Vyazma Strategic Offensive Operation ((ロシア語:Ржевско-Вяземская стратегическая наступательная операция)) (8 January – 20 April 1942) of the Kalinin Front, Western Front, Bryansk Front, and Northwestern Front # *Sychyovsk–Vyazma offensive operation ((ロシア語:Сычёвско-Вяземская наступательная операция)) (8 January – 20 April 1942) of the Kalinin Front # *Mozhaysk–Vyazma offensive operation (Operation Jupiter) ((ロシア語:Можайско-Вяземская наступательная операция)) (10 January – 28 February 1942) of the Western Front # *Toropets-Kholm Offensive Operation ((ロシア語:Торопецко-Холмская наступательная операция)) (9 January – 6 February 1942) of the Northwestern Front and reassigned to the Kalinin Front from 22 January 1942 # *Vyazma airborne operation ((ロシア語:Вяземская воздушно-десантная операция)) (18 January – 28 February 1942) (see also Operation Hannover) of the Western Front # *Rzhev operation (3 march – 20 April 1942) ((ロシア語:Ржевская наступательная операция)) #Operation Seydlitz and the Soviet defensive battles around Bely and Kholm-Zhirkovsky ((ロシア語:Оборонительная операция в районе города Белый, Оборонительная операция под Холм-Жирковским, Холм-Жирковская оборонительная операция)) (2–23 July 1942) launched by 9th Army of Germany to eliminate the salient in the vicinity between Bely and Kholm–Zhirkovsky and annihilate the 39th Army and 11th Cavalry Corps of the Kalinin Front 〔(improvisations during the Russian Campaign http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/milimprov/ch01.htm )〕 # First Rzhev–Sychyovka Offensive Operation ((ロシア語:Первая Ржевско-Сычёвская (Гжатская) наступательная операция)) (30 July – 23 August 1942, other sources say ending on 30 September or 1 October 1942) by forces of the Kalinin Front and Western Front #Second Rzhev–Sychevka Offensive Operation (Operation Mars) ((ロシア語:Вторая Ржевско-Сычёвская наступательная операция)) (25 November – 20 December 1942) by the forces of the Kalinin Front and Western Front # *Battle for Velikiye Luki ((ロシア語:Великолукская наступательная операция)) (24 November 1942 – 20 January 1943) by 3rd Shock Army of the Kalinin Front #Third Rzhev–Sychevka Offensive Operation ((ロシア語:Ржевско-Вяземская наступательная операция)) (2–31 March 1943) by the forces of the Kalinin Front and Western Front, at the same time, the southern flank offensive operations on the Bryansk Front. These were operations that occurred during the planned German retreat from the salient known as Operation Büffel ==Rzhev-Vyazma Strategic Offensive Operation== During the Soviet winter counter-offensive of 1941, and the Rzhev-Vyazma Strategic Offensive Operation (8 January 1942 – 20 April 1942), German forces were pushed back from Moscow. As a result, a salient was formed along the front line in the direction of the capital, which became known as the Rzhev-Vyazma Salient. It was strategically important for the German Army Group Centre due to the threat it posed to Moscow, and was therefore heavily fortified and strongly defended. Initial Soviet forces committed by the Kalinin and Western Front included the 22nd, 29th, 30th, 31st, 39th of the former, and the 1st Shock, 5th, 10th, 16th, 20th, 33rd, 43rd, 49th, and 50th armies and three cavalry corps for the later. The intent was for the 22nd Army, 29th Army and 39th Armies supported by the 11th Cavalry Corps to attack West of Rzhev, and penetrate deep into the western flank of the AG Centre's 9th Army. This was achieved in January, and by the end of the month the cavalry corps found itself 110 km in the depth of the German flank. To eliminate this threat to the rear of the Army Group Centre's 9th Army, the Germans had started Operation Seydlitz by 2 July. However, due to the nature of the terrain the supply route the troops of the Soviet 22nd Army, 29th Army and 39th Armies which attempted to enlarge the penetration became difficult, and they were encircled. The cutting of a major highway to Rzhev by the cavalry signalled the commencement of the Toropets–Kholm Offensive. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battles of Rzhev」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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